Čaj Heinkel He 162 Volksjäger (nemački, "Narodni borac"), naziv projekta konkursa za dizajn programa za vanredne situacije, bio je nemački jednomotorni borbeni avion sa mlaznim pogonom na terenu Luftvafea u Drugom svetskom ratu. Projektovan i brzo izgrađen, i napravljen pre svega od drveta pošto su metali bili u veoma kratkom snabdevanju i prioritetni za druge avione, He 162 je ipak bio najbrži prve generacije Osovine i savezničkih mlaznjaka. Volksjäger je bio zvanično ime Ministarstva vazduhoplovstva Rajha za vladino takmičenje u projektovanju koje je osvojio dizajn He 162. Među ostalim imenima koja su data avionu su Salamander, koji je bio kodno ime njegovog građevinskog programa, i Spartz ("Vrabac"), što je ime koje je Hajnkel dao avionu.
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The Emergency Fighter
Čaj Heinkel He 162was the result of the “Emergency Fighter Program” initiated in late 1944. As Allied bombers devastated German industry, the Luftwaffe needed a jet that was cheap, used non-strategic materials (like wood), and was easy to fly for Hitler Youth pilots with minimal training. Remarkably, the aircraft went from a wooden mockup to its first flight in only90 days. While it was aerodynamically advanced and extremely fast, it was also dangerous to fly due to its sensitive handling and the poor quality of the glues used in its wooden construction.
Attribute
Technical Specification (He 162 A-2)
Ulogu
Interceptor / Emergency Fighter
Posada
1 (Pilot)
First Flight
December 6, 1944
Powerplant
1 × BMW 003E-1 turbojet
Thrust
1,760 lbf (7.8 kN)
Maksimalna brzina
562 mph (905 km/h) at 20,000 ft
Endurance
30 minutes (approximate)
Naoružanje
2 × 20mm MG 151/20 cannons
Radical Engineering in a Hurry
Dorsal Engine Mount:To simplify the fuel system and protect the engine from debris on rough runways, theBMW 003jet was mounted directly on top of the fuselage. This required a twin-fin “H-tail” to allow the exhaust gases to pass between the rudders.
Wooden Construction:The wings were made entirely of wood, as was the nose and various fairings. In a famous incident during the first flight, the acidic “Tego film” glue ate through the wooden wing structure, leading to a catastrophic structural failure.
Ejection Seat:Despite being a “budget” fighter, the He 162 was one of the first operational aircraft to feature aHeinkel-designed ejection seat, powered by an explosive cartridge, because the pilot could not safely bail out through the top-mounted engine intake.
The “Salamander” Mystery:“Salamander” was the codename for the wing construction project, while the aircraft itself was officially theSpatz(Sparrow) orVolksjäger.
Brief Combat and Capture
Operational Units:Only one unit,JG 1, was fully equipped with the He 162 before the war ended. They claimed a handful of victories, but the aircraft’s short fuel endurance and landing gear issues caused more losses than enemy fire.
The British Assessment:After the war, British test pilotEric “Winkle” Brownflew the He 162 and described it as having “the best all-round view” and being a “delightful” aerobatic platform, though he warned it was “unforgiving” if mishandled.
Aerodynamic Innovations:The wings featured distinctive turned-down “drooped” tips (Lippisch-style), which were intended to improve stability and prevent the aircraft from rolling unexpectedly at high speeds.
Survivors:Because so many were built (approx. 320), several exist today. Notable examples are at theRAF Museum London, theSmithsonian, and theMusée de l’Air et de l’Espacein France.
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