Lla Heinkel He 162 Volksjäger (allemand, « gens’s Chasseur »), le nom d’un projet du concours de conception du programme de chasseurs d’urgence, était un avion de chasse monomoteur allemand à réaction mis en service par la Luftwaffe pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Conçu et construit rapidement, et fabriqué principalement en bois car les métaux étaient très rares et prioritaires pour d’autres avions, le He 162 était néanmoins le plus rapide de la première génération de jets Axis et Allied. Volksjäger était le ministère de l’Air du Reich’pour le concours du programme de design du gouvernement remporté par le design He 162. D’autres noms donnés à l’avion incluent Salamander, qui était le nom de code de son programme de construction, et Spatz (« moineau »), qui était le nom donné à l’avion par Heinkel.
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The Emergency Fighter
Lla Heinkel He 162was the result of the « Emergency Fighter Program » initiated in late 1944. As Allied bombers devastated German industry, the Luftwaffe needed a jet that was cheap, used non-strategic materials (like wood), and was easy to fly for Hitler Youth pilots with minimal training. Remarkably, the aircraft went from a wooden mockup to its first flight in only90 days. While it was aerodynamically advanced and extremely fast, it was also dangerous to fly due to its sensitive handling and the poor quality of the glues used in its wooden construction.
Attribute
Technical Specification (He 162 A-2)
Rôle
Interceptor / Emergency Fighter
Crew
1 (Pilot)
First Flight
December 6, 1944
Groupe motopropulseur
1 × BMW 003E-1 turbojet
Thrust
1,760 lbf (7.8 kN)
Vitesse maximale
562 mph (905 km/h) at 20,000 ft
Endurance
30 minutes (approximate)
Armement
2 × 20mm MG 151/20 cannons
Radical Engineering in a Hurry
Dorsal Engine Mount:To simplify the fuel system and protect the engine from debris on rough runways, theBMW 003jet was mounted directly on top of the fuselage. This required a twin-fin « H-tail » to allow the exhaust gases to pass between the rudders.
Wooden Construction:The wings were made entirely of wood, as was the nose and various fairings. In a famous incident during the first flight, the acidic « Tego film » glue ate through the wooden wing structure, leading to a catastrophic structural failure.
Ejection Seat:Despite being a « budget » fighter, the He 162 was one of the first operational aircraft to feature aHeinkel-designed ejection seat, powered by an explosive cartridge, because the pilot could not safely bail out through the top-mounted engine intake.
Lla « Salamandre » Mystery: « Salamandre » was the codename for the wing construction project, while the aircraft itself was officially theSpatz(Sparrow) orVolksjäger.
Brief Combat and Capture
Operational Units:Only one unit,JG 1, was fully equipped with the He 162 before the war ended. They claimed a handful of victories, but the aircraft’s short fuel endurance and landing gear issues caused more losses than enemy fire.
The British Assessment:After the war, British test pilotEric « Winkle » Brownflew the He 162 and described it as having « the best all-round view » and being a « delightful » aerobatic platform, though he warned it was « unforgiving » if mishandled.
Aerodynamic Innovations:The wings featured distinctive turned-down « drooped » tips (Lippisch-style), which were intended to improve stability and prevent the aircraft from rolling unexpectedly at high speeds.
Survivors:Because so many were built (approx. 320), several exist today. Notable examples are at theRAF Museum London, theSmithsonian, and theMusée de l’Air et de l’Espacein France.
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