Heilige Chamond | |
|---|---|
| Land | Frankrijk |
| Type | Middelgrote Tank |
| Massa | 23 ton |
De Saint-Chamond was de tweede Franse zware tank van de Eerste Wereldoorlog, met 400 exemplaren van april 1917 tot juli 1918. Hoewel het volgens de huidige definitie geen tank is, wordt het algemeen aanvaard en als zodanig beschreven in verslagen van vroege tankontwikkeling. Geboren uit de commerciële rivaliteit die bestond met de makers van de Schneider CA1-tank, was de Saint-Chamond een ondergemotoriseerd en fundamenteel ontoereikend ontwerp. De belangrijkste zwakte was de Holt "rups" sporen. Ze waren veel te kort in verhouding tot de lengte en het zware gewicht van het voertuig (23 ton). Latere modellen probeerden echter enkele van de oorspronkelijke gebreken van de tank te corrigeren door bredere en sterkere rupsschoenen, dikkere frontale bepantsering en het effectievere 75 mm Mle 1897-veldkanon te installeren. In totaal werden 400 Saint-Chamond tanks gebouwd waaronder 48 ongewapende Caisson tanks. De Saint-Chamond-tanks bleven betrokken bij verschillende acties tot de late zomer van 1918, die te laat effectiever werden omdat de gevechten uit de loopgraven en op open terrein waren verplaatst. Uiteindelijk zouden de Saint-Chamond-tanks echter volledig worden vervangen door geïmporteerde Britse zware tanks.
| Saint Chamond – WalkAround | |
|---|---|
| Fotograaf | Unknow |
| Lokalisatie | Onbewust |
| Foto 's | 68 |
| Saint Chamond – WalkAround | |
|---|---|
| Fotograaf | Unknow |
| Lokalisatie | Onbewust |
| Foto 's | 47 |
Overview and Context
The Saint-Chamond was the second French heavy assault tank to enter service during World War I, with approximately 400 units produced between 1917 and 1918. Born out of industrial rivalry with the manufacturers of the first French tank (the Schneider CA1), it was an ambitious but deeply flawed design.
Its primary goal was to bring the firepower of a potent artillery piece, the French 75 mm field gun, directly against enemy trenches and fortifications.
Ontwerp en specificaties
- Shape and Hull: It had a long, boxy superstructure with significant overhangs at both the front and rear of the vehicle, extending well beyond the relatively short, narrow tracks. This gave it a massive, ungainly silhouette.
- Hoofdbewapening: A long-barreled 75 mm gun (either the Saint-Chamond L12C TR or the standard Mle 1897 field gun in later versions) was rigidly mounted in the front of the hull, offering only a very limited traverse.
- Secondary Armament: Four 8 mm Hotchkiss machine guns, one mounted in each side (front, rear, left, right).
- Propulsion: The tank used a complex and innovative petrol-electric transmission system (Crochat-Colardeau). A 90 hp Panhard engine drove a generator, which in turn powered two electric motors linked separately to each track. This allowed for smooth steering but was heavy and prone to overheating and mechanical issues.
- Bemanning: The tank typically required a large crew of eight to nine men.
- Harnas: Initially thin, with maximum armor plating of around 11.5 mm on the front and 8.5 mm on the sides. Later models increased side armor to 17 mm and added a spaced layer to the front to resist German armor-piercing bullets.
Combat Performance and Flaws
Despite its powerful main gun, the Saint-Chamond was plagued by critical operational deficiencies:
- Trench Crossing: The overly long hull combined with the relatively short track length and heavy forward weight caused the tank’s nose to violently dig into the ground or get irrevocably stuck in trenches and shell craters, making it notoriously poor for traversing the scarred terrain of the Western Front.
- Underpowered: The 90 hp engine was inadequate for the tank’s operational weight of around 23 metric tons, severely limiting its cross-country speed and agility (top speed was only about 8-12 km/h).
- Vulnerable: Its thin side armor left the crew vulnerable to heavy machine gun fire, a major issue that was only partially addressed in late-production models.
The Saint-Chamond remained in service until late 1918, mostly performing as a zelfrijdend pistool or being converted into unarmed supply/recovery vehicles, as it was eventually superseded by the more reliable and tactically superior Renault FT light tank and imported British heavy tanks.
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