梅塞施密特 Me 163B | |
|---|---|
| 国家 | 德国 |
| 作用 | 火箭动力战斗机 |
| 首次飞行 | 1 九月 1941 |
| 建立 | 370 |
这 梅塞施密特我 163 科梅特 是一架德国火箭动力战斗机。它由Alexander Lippisch设计，是有史以来唯一投入使用的火箭动力战斗机，也是第一架在水平飞行中超过1000公里/小时（621英里/小时）的任何类型的驾驶飞机。它的设计是革命性的，其性能是前所未有的。1944年7月初，德国试飞员Heini Dittmar达到了1，130公里/小时（700英里/小时），这是涡轮喷气动力飞机近十年来无法比拟的非官方空速记录。共建造了300多架飞机，但事实证明，Komet作为拦截机的专用角色无效，并且仅负责摧毁大约9至18架盟军飞机，造成10次损失。除了战斗损失外，许多飞行员在测试和训练中丧生
| 梅塞施密特 Me 163B 科梅特 四处走走 | |
|---|---|
| 摄影师 | 约翰·赫克 |
| 本地化 | 美国空军国家博物馆 |
| 照片 | 23 |
另请参阅：
A Flying Bomb in the Service of the Reich
这 梅塞施密特 Me 163B 科梅特 was arguably the most radical combat aircraft of World War II. Designed by Alexander Lippisch as a tailless, swept-wing interceptor, it utilized a liquid-fuel rocket motor to reach speeds and climb rates that were decades ahead of its time. However, this performance came at a terrifying cost. The Komet was as dangerous to its pilots and ground crews as it was to the Allied bombers it hunted, earning a reputation as a “suicide machine” due to its highly volatile fuels and treacherous landing characteristics.
| Attribute | Technical Specification (Me 163B-1) |
|---|---|
| 作用 | Point-Defense Rocket Interceptor |
| 船员 | 1 (Pilot) |
| 发动机 | 1 × Walter HWK 109-509A-2 liquid-fuel rocket |
| 最高速度 | 960 km/h (596 mph) — Mach 0.83 |
| Climb Rate | Initial: 81 m/s (16,000 ft/min) |
| Endurance | 7.5 to 8 minutes of powered flight |
| 装备 | 2 × 30mm MK 108 cannons (60 rounds per gun) |
| Landing Gear | Jettisonable takeoff dolly / Retractable landing skid |
Design Engineering: Chemistry vs. Aerodynamics
- The Hypergolic Nightmare: The Komet was powered by T-Stoff (hydrogen peroxide) and C-Stoff (hydrazine hydrate and methanol). These two chemicals were hypergolic, meaning they exploded instantly upon contact. A single drop of one in the other’s tank would destroy the aircraft. They were so corrosive that pilots had to wear special non-organic protective suits to prevent being dissolved alive in the event of a leak.
- Tailless Swept Wings: To minimize drag at high subsonic speeds, the Komet lacked a horizontal stabilizer (tail). Its swept wings provided both lift and control, making it exceptionally stable in high-speed dives but notoriously difficult to land because it simply “wanted to keep flying.”
- The Two-Part Landing: To save weight, the Komet took off on a two-wheeled “dolly” that was jettisoned once airborne. After exhausting its fuel, the pilot had to glide back and land on a retractable belly skid. If the skid failed to deploy or the landing was too hard, the impact could slosh remaining fuel together, resulting in a fatal explosion.
- Nose-Cone Generator: Since the rocket engine produced no electrical power, the Komet featured a tiny wooden propeller on its nose. This “rat” (Ram Air Turbine) spun in the slipstream to power the aircraft’s radio and flight instruments.
Combat History: Seven Minutes of Terror
- The Vertical Intercept: A typical Komet mission lasted less than ten minutes. The pilot would blast off the runway at a 70-degree angle, reaching 30,000 feet in under four minutes. They would then dive through the bomber formation at nearly 600 mph, giving them only a fraction of a second to aim and fire the slow-velocity 30mm cannons.
- The “Gliding Target”: Once the fuel ran out, the Komet became a heavy, unpowered glider. Allied fighter pilots quickly learned to wait for the rocket flame to go out; once the Komet was “silent,” it was a sitting duck as it struggled to reach its home airfield.
- Limited Impact: Despite its psychological terror, the Me 163 was a failure as a weapon system. Fewer than 20 Allied bombers were officially credited to the Komet, while more Komets were lost to landing accidents and engine explosions than to enemy fire.
- Sabotage: Many surviving Komets show evidence of sabotage by the forced laborers who built them, including contaminated glue in the wooden wings and rocks placed between fuel tanks and support straps to cause punctures.
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