85 mm divisionskanon, D-44 | |
|---|---|
| Land | Sovjetunionen |
| Type | Divisionspistol |
| Periode | 1944-1953 |
| Bygget | 10.800 |
Den 85 mm divisionskanon, D-44 (russisk: 85-мм дивизионная пушка Д-44) var en sovjetisk divisions 85 mm kaliber feltartilleri pistol, der blev brugt i den sidste kamp under Anden Verdenskrig. Det blev designet som erstatning for 76 mm divisionskanonen M1942 (ZiS-3). Kanonen er ikke længere i frontlinjetjeneste med de russiske landstyrker, selvom omkring 200 af den kinesiske Type 56-variant stadig er i tjeneste med den pakistanske hær. Krigstjeneste omfattede brug af kommunistiske styrker under Vietnamkrigen og af arabiske styrker under deres konflikter med Israel.
| 85 mm divisionskanon, D-44 | |
|---|---|
| Fotograf | Darek Szenfeld |
| Lokalisering | Unknow |
| Billeder | 22 |
| 85 mm divisionskanon, D-44 Gå rundt | |
|---|---|
| Fotograf | Bams |
| Lokalisering | Unknow |
| Billeder | 38 |
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The “Universal” Artillery Piece
Den 85 mm Divisional Gun D-44 was designed in late 1944 to replace the older 76mm guns that had struggled against heavy German armor. It was a “dual-purpose” weapon, meant to function both as a traditional field howitzer for high-explosive bombardment and as a high-velocity anti-tank gun. Borrowing the ballistics from the legendary T-34/85 tank gun, the D-44 was exceptionally mobile, low-profile, and reliable. It became the standard divisional gun for the Warsaw Pact throughout the early Cold War and remains in use today in secondary conflicts across the globe.
| Attribute | Technical Specification (D-44) |
|---|---|
| Rolle | Divisional Field Gun / Anti-Tank Gun |
| Kaliber | 85 mm (3.34 in) |
| Barrel Length | L/55 (approx. 4.6 m) |
| Weight (Travel) | 1,725 kg (3,803 lbs) |
| Rate of Fire | 15–20 rounds per minute (highly trained crew) |
| Muzzle Velocity | 800 m/s (HE) / 1,030 m/s (HVAP-T) |
| Max Range | 15,650 meters (17,115 yards) |
| Armor Penetration | 130mm at 1,000 meters (with BR-367P ammo) |
Design Engineering: Low Profile, High Velocity
- Low Silhouette: The D-44 was designed to be incredibly difficult to spot in an ambush. Its total height was only 1.42 meters, allowing crews to hide it in tall grass or shallow trenches—a vital trait for an anti-tank role.
- Torsion Bar Suspension: Unlike many contemporary field guns, the D-44 featured a torsion bar suspension. This allowed it to be towed by trucks at speeds up to 60 km/h (37 mph) without shaking the sights out of alignment.
- Semi-Automatic Breech: It utilized a vertical sliding-block breech that automatically ejected the spent casing upon recoil and stayed open for the next round. This facilitated an incredibly high rate of fire during intense combat.
- The SD-44 (Self-Propelled) Variant: A unique modification added a small 14-hp auxiliary engine and a steering wheel, allowing the gun crew to “drive” the artillery piece across the battlefield at 10 km/h without a towing vehicle.
Combat History: From the Iron Curtain to Modern Trenches
- Vietnam and Beyond: The D-44 saw extensive use by the NVA during the Vietnam War, where its long range and mobility made it perfect for harassing American firebases.
- Middle Eastern Conflicts: It was a staple in the Arab-Israeli wars, often used by Egyptian and Syrian forces as a long-range anti-tank sniper.
- Modern Longevity: Even in 2026, the D-44 continues to appear in the Russo-Ukrainian War. While it cannot penetrate the front of a modern Abrams or Leopard 2, its high accuracy and rapid fire make it a terrifying weapon against APCs, infantry, and fortifications.
- Chinese Production: China produced its own version, known as the Type 56, which remains in the reserve inventories of several Asian and African nations.
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