37毫米高射炮 | |
|---|---|
| 国家 | 苏联 |
| 类型 | 防空枪 |
| 时期 | 1939-1945 |
| 建立 | 20.000 |
37毫米自动防空枪M1939（61-K）（俄罗斯：37-мм автоматическая зенитная пушка образца 1939 года（61-К）是苏联37毫米口径高射炮开发于20世纪30年代末，并在第二次世界大战期间使用。20世纪50年代，苏联的ZSU-57-2取代了陆基版本。这种枪在整个东线成功地用于打击潜水轰炸机和其他中低空目标。它对轻装甲地面目标也有一定的用处。37毫米AD枪的机组人员击落了14，657架安讯士飞机。击落一架敌机的37毫米弹药平均数量为905发。
| 37 毫米高射炮四处走动 | |
|---|---|
| 摄影师 | 韦尔沃尔夫 |
| 本地化 | 未知 |
| 照片 | 16 |
另请参阅：
The Bofors of the East
这 37mm Automatic Air Defense Gun M1939 (61-K) was the Soviet Union’s most prolific and successful light anti-aircraft weapon of World War II. Developed in the late 1930s under the leadership of Mikhail Loginov, it was heavily influenced by the Swedish Bofors 40mm design but adapted for Soviet manufacturing and the 37mm caliber. It filled the critical gap between heavy machine guns and large-caliber 85mm cannons, specializing in downing dive bombers and ground-attack aircraft. By the end of the war, 61-K crews were credited with destroying nearly 15,000 Axis aircraft.
| Attribute | Technical Specification (61-K) |
|---|---|
| 类型 | Automatic Anti-Aircraft Gun |
| 船员 | 8 men |
| Production Years | 1939 – 1945 (USSR) |
| Ammunition | 37 × 252 mmSR (Clip-fed, 5 rounds) |
| Rate of Fire | 160–170 rpm (Cyclic) / 80 rpm (Practical) |
| Muzzle Velocity | 880 m/s (2,887 ft/s) |
| Effective Ceiling | 4,000 m (13,123 ft) |
| Horizontal Range | 8,500 m (Maximum ballistic range) |
Engineering: Ruggedness and Versatility
- The ZU-7 Carriage: The gun sat on a four-wheeled towed carriage with outriggers that could be deployed in under 30 seconds. This allowed the 61-K to be rapidly moved to protect advancing tank columns or critical river crossings.
- Short-Recoil Operation: The weapon used a short-recoil automatic system with a vertical sliding breech block. This design was famously reliable even in the extreme cold and mud of the Eastern Front.
- Dual-Purpose Capability: While primarily an AA gun, the 61-K was frequently used against ground targets. Its Armor-Piercing (AP) rounds could penetrate 37mm of armor at 500 meters, making it a nightmare for German light tanks and half-tracks.
- 5-Round Clips: Ammunition was fed into a hopper using 5-round clips. This allowed for a continuous “stream” of fire as long as the loaders could keep up, creating a literal wall of lead in the path of incoming Junkers or Stukas.
A Legacy Across Continents
- The “70-K” Naval Variant: A single-barrel naval version was developed for Soviet warships, eventually replacing older semi-automatic guns. It became the primary short-range defense for the Soviet Navy during the war.
- ZSU-37 Self-Propelled Gun: Toward the end of the war, the 61-K was mounted on an open-topped SU-76 chassis, creating the ZSU-37—the Soviet Union’s first dedicated tracked anti-aircraft vehicle.
- The “Type 55” and Global Reach: After WWII, the design was exported and licensed widely. China produced it as the Type 55 (single) and Type 65 (twin). It has seen action in nearly every major conflict of the 20th century, from the Korean War to the Vietnam War and beyond.
- Dien Bien Phu: During the 1954 battle, Viet Minh 37mm crews famously neutralized the French airstrip, preventing resupply and sealing the fate of the garrison—demonstrating how effective towed AA could be when hidden in jungle terrain.
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