Tupolew Tu-22M

Tupolew Tu-22M
Kraju	Radzieckiego
Roli	Strategiczny bombowiec/uderzenie morskie
Pierwszy lot	30 sierpnia 1969
Zbudowany	497

Tthe Tupolew Tu-22M (ros. Туполев Ту-22М; Nazwa raportowania NATO: Backfire) to naddźwiękowy, zmienny skrzydło, strategiczny i morski bombowiec uderzeniowy dalekiego zasięgu opracowany przez Tupolev Design Bureau. Według niektórych źródeł bombowiec miał być kiedyś oznaczony jako Tu-26. Podczas zimnej wojny Tu-22M był eksploatowany przez radzieckie siły powietrzne (VVS) w roli bombardowania strategicznego oraz przez radzieckie lotnictwo morskie (Aviacija Vojenno-Morskogo Flota, AVMF) w roli dalekiego zasięgu w morskiej roli przeciwokrętowej. [2] Znaczna ich liczba pozostaje w służbie Sił Powietrznych FR, a od 2014 roku w użyciu jest ponad 100 Tu-22M.

Źródła: Tupolew Tu-22M na Wikipedii

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Tupolew Tu-22

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A New Breed of Strategic Power

Tthe Tupolew Tu-22M is a supersonic, variable-sweep wing (swing-wing) strategic bomber that was the bane of NATO carrier battle groups during the Cold War. Despite its name, it shared almost nothing with the earlier, unsuccessful Tu-22 “Blinder.” Designed for high-speed, low-level maritime strikes and strategic bombing, the Tu-22M allowed the Soviet Union to project power far into the Atlantic and Pacific, carrying massive anti-ship missiles designed to overwhelm US Navy defenses.

Attribute	Technical Specification (Tu-22M3)
Roli	Long-range Strategic Bomber / Maritime Strike
Załogi	4 (Pilot, Co-pilot, Navigator, Weapons System Officer)
First Flight	August 30, 1969 (Tu-22M0)
Zespół napędowy	2 × Kuznetsov NK-25 afterburning turbofans
Thrust	55,100 lbf (245 kN) each with afterburner
Prędkość maksymalna	Mach 1.88 (2,000 km/h) at altitude
Combat Radius	2,410 km (1,500 miles)
Primary Armament	Up to 3 × Kh-22 (AS-4 ‘Kitchen’) anti-ship missiles

The Evolution of “Swing-Wing” Lethality

Variable-Sweep Wings: The “Backfire” features wings that can sweep from 20° for takeoff and landing to 65° for supersonic dash. This allows the massive bomber to operate from relatively short runways while still maintaining the aerodynamic efficiency needed for Mach 1.8 flight.
The Kh-22 Missile: The Tu-22M’s primary teeth. This 6-ton missile was designed to strike aircraft carriers at Mach 4.6. Carrying a 1,000kg conventional warhead or a 350-kiloton nuclear charge, it was nearly impossible to intercept with 1970s technology.
Side-Mounted Intakes: While the earlier Tu-22M2 had smaller intakes, the definitive Tu-22M3 introduced large, wedge-shaped supersonic intakes (similar to the MiG-25), which allowed the engines to breathe efficiently at nearly twice the speed of sound.
Tail Turret: Unlike modern Western bombers, the Tu-22M3 retains a remotely controlled tail turret armed with a twin-barrel 23mm GSh-23 cannon for self-defense against interceptors.

SALT Negotiations & Combat History

The Refueling Controversy: During the SALT II arms control talks, the US insisted the Tu-22M was an intercontinental bomber. To comply with the treaty, the Soviets famously removed the nose-mounted refueling probes from many aircraft to limit their range and prevent them from reaching the US mainland.
Afghanistan and Chechnya: The Backfire saw extensive use as a conventional “carpet bomber,” dropping tons of unguided FAB-3000 bombs on mountain strongholds.
Modernization (Tu-22M3M): Russia is currently upgrading the fleet to the M3M standard, featuring new digital avionics, the ability to fire the Kh-32 cruise missile, and the re-installation of refueling probes.
Operational Paradox: Despite its age, the Tu-22M3 remains one of the fastest and most survivable bombers in the Russian inventory, largely because its “high-speed dash” capability makes it difficult for ground-based air defenses to target.