Teh Γιάκοβλεβ Γιακ-38 (Ρωσικά: кковлев к-38; Το όνομα αναφοράς του ΝΑΤΟ: "Πλαστογράφος") ήταν το μοναδικό επιχειρησιακό μαχητικό αεροσκάφος VTOL της Σοβιετικής Ναυτικής Αεροπορίας, εκτός από το ότι ήταν το πρώτο επιχειρησιακό αεροσκάφος σταθερής πτέρυγας με έδρα τον αερομεταφορέα. Αναπτύχθηκε ειδικά για και υπηρέτησε σχεδόν αποκλειστικά στα αεροπλανοφόρα κλάσης Κιέβου.
Γιακ-36Μ "Πλαστογράφος":
Η αρχική έκδοση πριν από την παραγωγή, που διαφέρει ελαφρώς από το Yak-38. Ζύγιζε μόνο 6.650 κιλά (14.660 λίβρες) σε σύγκριση με τα 7.370 κιλά του Yak-38 (16.250 λίβρες) και οι κινητήρες ήταν ελαφρώς λιγότερο ισχυροί.
Teh Γιάκοβλεβ Γιακ-38was the Soviet Navy’s answer to the British Harrier. Entering service in 1976, it was designed specifically to operate from theKiev-class “heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers.” Unlike the Harrier’s single engine with four swiveling nozzles, the Yak-38 used a complex and controversial “lift-plus-cruise” configuration: one main engine for forward flight and two dedicated vertical-lift jets behind the cockpit. While it gave the Soviet Union a fixed-wing presence at sea, it was a temperamental machine with limited range and a payload capacity that often left it nicknamed “the deck-bound toy.”
4 × External hardpoints (up to 2,000 kg / 4,400 lbs)
Standard Load
R-60 AAMs, Kh-23M ASMs, FAB-250/500 bombs, or 23mm gun pods
Design Engineering: The Perils of Vertical Flight
Automatic Ejection System:The Yak-38 featured a unique (and terrifying) safety feature. Because the aircraft would flip instantly if one lift engine failed, Yakovlev installed anautomatic ejection seat. If the plane exceeded a certain pitch or roll angle during VTOL, the seat would fire the pilot out without their permission.
The “Lift-Plus-Cruise” Trap:During vertical takeoff, the Yak-38 burned fuel at a staggering rate. To carry a useful weapons load, pilots often had to perform “short” rolling takeoffs instead of purely vertical ones, but the small wings provided very little lift.
No Radar:The “Forger-A” lacked an internal radar, relying on the pilot’s eyes and the “Mother Ship’s” controllers for interception. It was primarily intended to shoot down slow-moving NATO maritime patrol planes like the P-3 Orion.
Environmental Fragility:The lift engines were notoriously finicky in hot or humid climates. During deployments to Africa and Afghanistan, the engines often refused to start if the air temperature was too high, earning it the reputation of being a “fair-weather fighter.”
Combat and Service History
Operation Romb (Afghanistan, 1980):A small detachment of Yak-38s was sent to Afghanistan for “trial by fire.” They performed roughly 12 sorties, but the high-altitude, dusty environment was brutal on the engines, and the aircraft proved to have almost no tactical value compared to the Su-25.
The “Baka” of the Cold War?While it looked futuristic, Western analysts quickly realized the Yak-38 was no match for the Sea Harrier. It lacked the maneuverability for dogfighting and the range for deep strikes.
Safety Record:Roughly one-third of the total production (approx. 231 built) was lost in accidents. However, the automatic ejection system saved dozens of lives, despite occasionally firing during minor malfunctions that might have been recoverable.
Legacy:Despite its flaws, the Yak-38 taught the Soviets everything they needed to know about VTOL. Its successor, theYak-141 Freestyle, was a supersonic beast that later influenced the design of the American F-35B’s swivel-nozzle system.