雅科夫列夫·亚克-38 | |
|---|---|
| 国家 | 苏联 |
| 类型 | VTOL战斗机 |
| 首次飞行 | 1971 |
| 建立 | 231 |
这 雅科夫列夫·亚克-38 （俄语：Яковлев Як-38：北约报告名称："Forger"）是苏联海军航空唯一的VTOL攻击战斗机，也是其第一架基于航母的固定翼飞机。它是专门为基辅级航空母舰开发的，几乎全部服役。
雅克-36M"锻造"： 初始预制版本，与 Yak-38 略有不同。与Yak-38的7，370公斤（16，250磅）相比，它只有6，650公斤（14，660磅）重，发动机的威力稍逊一筹。
| 雅科夫列夫·亚克-38 | |
|---|---|
| 摄影师 | 弗拉基米尔·亚库博夫 |
| 本地化 | 未知 |
| 照片 | 111 |
| 雅克 - 38 伪造者四处走动 | |
|---|---|
| 摄影师 | 德米特里·斯里布尼 |
| 本地化 | 雅科夫列夫设计局博物馆 |
| 照片 | 145 |
| 雅克-38 四处走动 | |
|---|---|
| 摄影师 | 未知 |
| 本地化 | 未知 |
| 照片 | 24 |
给我买杯咖啡另请参阅：
| Yakovlev Yak-38 Forger Walk Around | |
|---|---|
| 摄影师 | Gunkalo Vladimir |
| 本地化 | 未知 |
| 照片 | 33 |
The “Steel-Winged” Experiment
这 雅科夫列夫·亚克-38 was the Soviet Navy’s answer to the British Harrier. Entering service in 1976, it was designed specifically to operate from the Kiev-class “heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers.” Unlike the Harrier’s single engine with four swiveling nozzles, the Yak-38 used a complex and controversial “lift-plus-cruise” configuration: one main engine for forward flight and two dedicated vertical-lift jets behind the cockpit. While it gave the Soviet Union a fixed-wing presence at sea, it was a temperamental machine with limited range and a payload capacity that often left it nicknamed “the deck-bound toy.”
| Attribute | Technical Specification (Yak-38M) |
|---|---|
| 作用 | VTOL Shipborne Strike/Fighter |
| 船员 | 1 (Pilot) |
| Main Engine | 1 × Tumansky R-28V-300 vectored-thrust turbofan (15,000 lbf) |
| Lift Engines | 2 × Rybinsk RD-38 turbojets (7,200 lbf each) |
| 最高速度 | 1,050 km/h (650 mph / Mach 0.95) |
| Combat Radius | 130–300 km (depending on takeoff mode) |
| 装备 | 4 × External hardpoints (up to 2,000 kg / 4,400 lbs) |
| Standard Load | R-60 AAMs, Kh-23M ASMs, FAB-250/500 bombs, or 23mm gun pods |
Design Engineering: The Perils of Vertical Flight
- Automatic Ejection System: The Yak-38 featured a unique (and terrifying) safety feature. Because the aircraft would flip instantly if one lift engine failed, Yakovlev installed an automatic ejection seat. If the plane exceeded a certain pitch or roll angle during VTOL, the seat would fire the pilot out without their permission.
- The “Lift-Plus-Cruise” Trap: During vertical takeoff, the Yak-38 burned fuel at a staggering rate. To carry a useful weapons load, pilots often had to perform “short” rolling takeoffs instead of purely vertical ones, but the small wings provided very little lift.
- No Radar: The “Forger-A” lacked an internal radar, relying on the pilot’s eyes and the “Mother Ship’s” controllers for interception. It was primarily intended to shoot down slow-moving NATO maritime patrol planes like the P-3 Orion.
- Environmental Fragility: The lift engines were notoriously finicky in hot or humid climates. During deployments to Africa and Afghanistan, the engines often refused to start if the air temperature was too high, earning it the reputation of being a “fair-weather fighter.”
Combat and Service History
- Operation Romb (Afghanistan, 1980): A small detachment of Yak-38s was sent to Afghanistan for “trial by fire.” They performed roughly 12 sorties, but the high-altitude, dusty environment was brutal on the engines, and the aircraft proved to have almost no tactical value compared to the Su-25.
- The “Baka” of the Cold War? While it looked futuristic, Western analysts quickly realized the Yak-38 was no match for the Sea Harrier. It lacked the maneuverability for dogfighting and the range for deep strikes.
- Safety Record: Roughly one-third of the total production (approx. 231 built) was lost in accidents. However, the automatic ejection system saved dozens of lives, despite occasionally firing during minor malfunctions that might have been recoverable.
- Legacy: Despite its flaws, the Yak-38 taught the Soviets everything they needed to know about VTOL. Its successor, the Yak-141 Freestyle, was a supersonic beast that later influenced the design of the American F-35B’s swivel-nozzle system.
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