图波列夫图-4 公牛 | |
|---|---|
| 国家 | 苏联 |
| 作用 | 战略轰炸机 |
| 首次飞行 | 1947年5月19日 |
| 建立 | 847 |
照片库的 图波列夫图-4 公牛, The Tupolev Tu-4 (NATO reporting name: Bull) was a piston-engined Soviet strategic bomber that served the Soviet Air Force from the late 1940s to mid-1960s. It was a reverse-engineered copy of the American-made Boeing B-29 Superfortress.
| Tupolev Tu-4 Bull | |
|---|---|
| 摄影师 | 马丁·扎哈尔卡，卢卡斯·特拉斯卡尔 |
| 本地化 | 未知 |
| 照片 | 35 |
给我买杯咖啡| Tupolev Tu-4 Bull | |
|---|---|
| 摄影师 | 图 - 4 '公牛' 四处走动 |
| 本地化 | 未知 |
| 照片 | 29 |
另请参阅：
A Forced Leap into the Strategic Era
这 Tupolev Tu-4 (NATO reporting name: 牛) is famous not for its original design, but for being a near-perfect clone of the American Boeing B-29 Superfortress. During 1944, four B-29s made emergency landings in Soviet territory after raids on Japan. Despite being allies, Stalin ordered the aircraft interned and gave Andrei Tupolev a monumental task: copy the plane exactly, “bolt for bolt.” This project single-handedly propelled the Soviet aviation industry from the era of wood-and-fabric tactical planes into the world of pressurized, high-altitude strategic bombers.
| Attribute | Technical Specification (Tu-4) |
|---|---|
| 作用 | Strategic Heavy Bomber |
| 船员 | 11 (Pilots, Navigators, Gunner/Scanners) |
| First Flight | May 19, 1947 |
| 动力装置 | 4 × Shvetsov ASh-73TK 18-cylinder radial engines |
| Horsepower | 2,400 hp (1,790 kW) each |
| 最高速度 | 558 km/h (347 mph) |
| 范围 | 5,400 km (3,355 mi) with 3,000 kg load |
| 装备 | 10 × 23 mm NS-23 cannons in 5 remote-controlled turrets |
Engineering: Metric Challenges and Improvements
- The Metric Conversion: The hardest part of the project was converting the B-29’s imperial measurements to metric. Soviet aluminum sheets were rolled in metric thicknesses; if Tupolev used sheets that were slightly too thick, the plane would be too heavy. If too thin, it would break. Every single wire and rivet had to be recalculated.
- Upgraded Firepower: While the B-29 used .50 caliber machine guns, the Soviets equipped the Tu-4 with 23mm cannons. These had a slower rate of fire but significantly more destructive power against intercepting fighters.
- Engine Clones: The Shvetsov ASh-73 engines were not direct copies of the Wright R-3350, but rather a Soviet development that incorporated many of its features, including complex turbo-superchargers required for high-altitude flight.
- Remote Turrets: The Tu-4 retained the B-29’s advanced central fire control system, where gunners sat at plexiglass stations and operated turrets via remote analog computers.
The First Soviet Nuclear Threat
- RDS-1 Delivery: On October 18, 1951, a Tu-4 performed the first Soviet air-drop of a nuclear bomb (the RDS-3), officially making the USSR a nuclear power capable of strategic delivery.
- Airborne Early Warning (Tu-4AW): Long after it was obsolete as a bomber, the Tu-4 served as a testbed for the first Soviet AWACS planes, featuring massive radar domes to detect incoming Western bombers.
- Chinese “KJ-1” AEWC: Several Tu-4s were given to China. In the 1970s, the Chinese fitted one with a massive rotating radar dish and turboprop engines, creating the KJ-1. This aircraft still exists in the Beijing Aviation Museum.
- Psychological Warfare: The Tu-4’s appearance at the 1947 Tushino Air Parade terrified the West, as it meant the USSR finally had the technology to strike American cities from Soviet bases.
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