Супер фортеця B-29 - Обхід

Boeing B-29 Super Fortress
Країні	Сша
Роль	Стратегічний бомбардувальник
Перша муха	21 вересня 1942
Побудований	3970

У 201 Суперфортр Boeing B-29 — чотиримоторний важкий бомбардувальник з гвинтовим приводом, розроблений компанією Boeing, який літав переважно Сполученими Штатами під час Другої світової та Корейської воєн. Це був один з найбільших літаків, що діяли під час Другої світової війни, і відрізнявся найсучаснішими технологіями. Включаючи проектування та виробництво, це був єдиний найдорожчий проект озброєння, здійснений Сполученими Штатами у Другій світовій війні, перевищивши вартість Манхеттенського проекту від 1 до 1,7 мільярда доларів.

Джерело: B-29 Супер фортеця сюр Вікіпедія

Boeing B-29 Super Fortress Walk Around
Фотограф	Сеес Гендрік
Локалізацією	Незнай
Фото	33

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Локалізацією	Незнай
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Boeing B-29A Super Fortress 08

Boeing B-29A Super Fortress 09

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Локалізацією	Незнай
Фото	84

B-29 Енола Гей

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The Dawn of Strategic Global Airpower

У 201 Суперфортр Boeing B-29 was the absolute pinnacle of aviation technology during World War II and the most expensive weapons program undertaken by the United States—surpassing even the Manhattan Project. Designed as a high-altitude, long-range heavy bomber to cross the vast distances of the Pacific Ocean, the B-29 turned science fiction into reality. Featuring a fully pressurized cabin, analog computer-directed defensive gun turrets, and massive turbo-supercharged engines, this massive aircraft fundamentally altered the geometry of strategic warfare, ultimately delivering the final, devastating blows that forced the surrender of Imperial Japan and ushered humanity into the atomic age.

Attribute	Technical Specification (B-29 Production Baseline)
Роль	Strategic Long-Range Heavy Bomber
команда	11 (Pilot, Co-Pilot, Bombardier, Navigator, Flight Engineer, Radio Operator, 5 Gunners)
Силова установка	4 × Wright R-3350-23 Duplex-Cyclone 18-cylinder radial engines (2,200 hp each with dual turbochargers)
Максимальна швидкість	574 km/h (357 mph) at cruise altitude
Combat Range	~5,230 km (3,250 miles) fully combat loaded; 9,000 km ferry range
Service Ceiling	11,000 m (36,000 ft) — safely above most contemporary fighters and flak
Defensive Armament	10 or 12 × .50 caliber (12.7mm) Browning machine guns in 4 remote turrets and 1 tail position; 1 × 20mm cannon early on
Ordnance Capacity	Standard: 2,300 kg (5,000 lbs) at maximum range; Maximum: 9,000 kg (20,000 lbs) short range

Design Engineering: Pressurized Citadels and Electronic Fire Control

The Pressurized Hull Revolution: Prior to the B-29, bomber crews had to endure sub-zero temperatures and wear heavy oxygen masks for hours at high altitudes. Boeing solved this by splitting the B-29 hull into three pressurized sections (the nose cockpit, the rear gunner station, and the tail), connected by a narrow crawling tunnel spanning over the unpressurized internal bomb bays, allowing crews to fly in relative comfort.
Analog Fire Control Computers: The Superfortress completely removed human gunners from physical contact with their weapons. Instead, gunners sat by panoramic observation blisters and aimed using General Electric electronic sights. An analog computer calculated airspeed, distance, gravity, and lead, mechanically aiming and firing the remote-controlled, low-profile gun turrets across the fuselage.
The Volatile R-3350 Engines: The massive performance of the B-29 depended heavily on its advanced Wright R-3350 engines. However, these powerplants were rushed into production before their design flaws were ironed out, resulting in severe cooling issues. The rear cylinder rows regularly overheated, causing magnesium engine fires that could burn through a wing spar in seconds, making the engine a deadly hazard early on.
Hyper-Sleek Aerodynamics: To squeeze every mile of operational range out of the hull, Boeing utilized flush-riveted aluminum skin lines, completely enclosed landing gear bays, and a clean, cylindrical fuselage. Its specialized high-aspect-ratio wing design integrated heavy Fowler flaps to generate massive lift during low-speed take-offs and landings.

Operational History: Operation Matterhorn to the Atomic Final Act

The Logistics Nightmare of India/China: Early B-29 operations (Operation Matterhorn in 1904) required planes to fly over the dangerous “Hump” of the Himalayas from bases in India to refuel in China before striking Japan. The immense fuel cost meant that a B-29 had to fly multiple dangerous transport missions just to secure enough gasoline for a single bombing run.
LeMay’s Scorched-Earth Firestorm Shift: Initially designed for high-altitude daylight precision bombing, the B-29 initially struggled against the intense Pacific jet stream winds. General Curtis LeMay ordered a radical tactical shift: stripping the bombers of their heavy defensive guns to save weight and sending them in at low altitude (5,000 feet) under the cover of darkness to drop thousands of tons of napalm incendiaries on Japanese wooden cities, starting with the devastating Tokyo firebombing of March 1945.
The Island Sovereignty Base Leap: Once US forces captured the Mariana Islands (Saipan, Tinian, and Guam), engineers built massive coral runways that bypassed the China logistical bottleneck. From these islands, hundreds of B-29s took off in massive daily waves to systematically dismantle Japan’s industrial infrastructure.
The Silverplate Legacy: In August 1945, specially modified, ultra-lightweight B-29 Superfortresses belonging to the 509th Composite Group executed the ultimate missions of WWII. The B-29 named *Enola Gay* dropped the first atomic weapon (“Little Boy”) on Hiroshima, followed three days later by *Bockscar* dropping “Fat Man” on Nagasaki, ending the war and setting the structural foundation for the Cold War Strategic Air Command.